28 · 泽风大过

大过卦原文

大过。栋桡。利有攸往，亨。

象曰：泽灭木，大过。君子以独立不惧，遁世无闷。

白话文解释

大过卦：屋粱压得弯曲了。有所往则有利，通泰。

《象辞》说：本卦上卦为兑为泽，下卦为巽为木，上兑下巽，泽水淹没木舟，这是大过的卦象。君子观此卦象，以舟重则覆为戒，领悟到遭逢祸变，应守节不屈，稳居不仕，清静淡泊。

《断易天机》解

大过卦兑上巽下，为震宫游魂卦。大过即太过，事情过头了，但大过卦仍是中庸顺从之象，主其人得协助、能前进。

北宋易学家邵雍解

阳多阴少，势将颠覆；本未俱弱，量力而为。

得此卦者，身心不安，事不如意，却又强意而行，大有后悔之时，谨防官非及水险。

台湾国学大儒傅佩荣解

时运：收敛自省，未可求名。

财运：低价高涨，不易把握。

家宅：防止倾斜；老少配婚。

身体：肝肾皆累，不易治好。

传统解卦

这个卦是异卦（下巽上兑）相叠。兑为泽、为悦，巽为木、为顺，泽水淹舟，遂成大错。阴阳爻相反，阳大阴小，行动非常，有过度形象，内刚外柔。

大象：中间四阳爻，为结实之梁，但初末为阴爻，力弱不支，则势将摧折。

运势：有力不从心，负担过重之象，多烦恼，防官非及水险。

事业：事业出现隐患，甚至危机四伏，务必十分小心谨慎，唯有坚守中道，以谦虚和悦的手段，胆大心细，求助他人相助。必要时可采取非常手段，不拘常规，予以冒险。

经商：操之过急，发展过快，宜收缩调整。竞争处于不利地步，切勿过度自信，更不得刚愎自用，宜随时观测风向，待机行动。在有确切把握之下，不妨冒险，争取时机的好转。

求名：最忌不务实际，追求不切实际的虚名，以致盛名不符。唯以谦逊态度，谨慎行动，潜心努力，不怕世人眼舌，一往直前，追求最初的目标。

婚恋：自知之明最为重要，不可急于求成，应慎重考虑，并以正当手段，促成事情的成功。但也不排除必要的精明手段。

决策：处在非常时期，若不能妥善处置，则极为不利，针对实际情况，既不可轻举妄动，也不可优柔寡断，而应刚柔相济，虚心征求他人意见，慎重行动，大胆追求，却又不怕流言，争取时局好转。

第二十八卦的哲学含义

大过卦，是异卦相叠，巽在下卦，兑在上卦。兑为泽、为悦，巽为木、为顺，泽水淹舟，遂成大错。阴阳爻相反，阳大阴小，行动非常，有过度之意，内刚外柔。

过，是指过度，超过界限。大过卦位于颐卦之后，《序卦》之中这样说道：“不养则不可动，故受之以大过。”养育有成，才可以行动，一行动就可能过当。

《象》曰：泽灭木，大过。君子以独立不惧，遁世无闷。《象》中这段话的意思是说：本卦上卦为兑为泽，下卦为巽为木，上兑下巽，泽水淹没木舟，这是大过的卦象。君子观此卦象，以舟重则覆为戒，领悟到遭逢祸变，应守节不屈，稳居不仕，清静淡泊。

大过卦象征极为过分，属于中下卦。《象》中这样来断此卦：夜晚梦里梦金银，醒来仍不见一文，目下只宜求本分，思想络是空劳神。

此卦卦名为大过。《说文》中说：“过，度也。”可见“过”的意思便是经过、度过的意思。其引申义便是过度、超越的意思。人们生活富裕了，就会追求饮食文化，可是这样会造成人们过度追求享乐，怎么才能避免继续这样呢？这就需要思想与行为的大超越。所以顿卦之后是大过卦。《序卦传》中说：“不养则不可动，故受之以大过。”这是从另一个角度对颐卦的卦序进行解释，也就是说人只有吃好了，干活才有力气。

28.泽风大过(䷛)-高岛易断

《大过》自《颐》而来，《颐》上下二阳，中包四阴，《大过》反之，以二阴包四阳，四阳过盛，故曰《大过》。夫道中而已，阳欲其盛，不欲其过，太刚必折，太实必裂。今四阳中满，二阴屏居无位之地，阳虽盛而下无基，上无系，反借资于二阴；二阴微弱，不能为助，是失其中也，失中即为过。卦体上《兑》下《巽》，《兑》正秋也，秋金气，水之母也，故兑为泽；《巽》辰在巳，上值轸，轸主风，故巽为风，合之谓泽风《大过》。然《大过》异《小过》，何也？《小过》以《艮》遇《震》，止而动，其动未危，阴虽盛而下有基，止则吉也；《大过》以《巽》遇《兑》，入而悦，悦极不出，阳虽盛而下无根，入则颠也。《杂卦传》云“大过颠也”，《大过》一卦，不言颠，而《颐》卦言颠，以《颐》与《大过》，颠倒以相为用。《序卦》是以置诸上《易》之末，天地再交，以成《坎》《离》也。

大过：栋挠。利有攸往，亨。

《大过》，阳大阴小，刚积于中，足以任重，有似栋然；《兑》上《巽》下，《巽》为木，《兑》为毁折，木而毁折，栋斯挠矣。当此大厦将倾，非一木所能支，惟当出门求助，以拯患难，乃得亨通，故曰“利有攸往，亨”。

《彖传》曰：大过，大者过也。栋挠，本末弱也。刚过而中，巽说行，利有攸往，乃亨。大过之时大矣哉！

此卦下《巽》上《兑》，四阳积中，刚阳过盛，故曰《大过》，阳大阴小，故曰“大者过也”。“栋”屋脊也，《巽》木而为《兑》金所伤，故“挠”。《巽》木本柔，上无根柢，下无附属，故本末俱弱。“刚过而中”，非二五之中，谓四刚连亘，位处于中，刚虽过而位处中也。然不可以恃夫刚，须以“《巽》而悦”者行之。《巽》主初言，悦主上言，四刚互《乾》为行，以柔济刚，黾勉前进，乃得亨也，故曰“利有攸往，乃亨”。盖奇才生于困厄，定力出于艰辛，转败为成，在此时也，故曰：“大过之时大矣哉！”

以此卦拟人事，就卦体言，四刚居中，为主于内，二柔在上下，为客于外，为主者刚过，是主刚而客柔也。就卦象言，四刚排列中间，二柔分居上下，俨若栋然，大人必具刚强之德，斯足充栋梁之选；然过刚无制，则太强必折，其“栋挠”矣。要必以“巽而脱”者行之，庶几刚而有济。刚不患其过刚，挠不至于终挠，盖惟其有大过之材，乃克济《大过》之事。“利有攸往，乃亨”皆本乾元用九而来，“利有攸往”，即《乾》之“行健”也，“乃亨”，即《乾》之“元亨”也。圣人于《易》，虽以扶阳抑阴为主，而有时亦借阴以济阳。《巽》以出之，悦以行之，是祛其大过而就以时中也，则变而不失其常，穷而不失其正，故曰“大过之时大矣哉”。所谓“时”者，亦即“终日乾乾，与时偕极”之道也。

以此卦拟国家，下卦为人民，巽为风，有四方风动之象；上卦为政府，兑为泽，有我泽如春之象。卦体刚在中，二柔居初上，是四刚当权，有威有福，居中而秉政者也。凡国家建大功，兴大役，皆以一人身任其重，如大屋之有栋，以负荷众材；然任载过重，则不胜其任，而立见其挠也，是“本末弱”也。所谓“本末”者，指上下二阴而言，二阴才力柔弱，不克任重，故“挠”，此乃阴衰而阳失其辅，臣弱而君失其卫，阳刚过中所致也。当此之时，在蹈常守辙之人，多不敢为，惟知时达变之士，所欲奋然而往也。必其秉刚阳之德，而能以巽顺和悦行之，宽以克猛，柔以济刚，得时中之宜，无亢阳之患，方足以平大难，兴大业。《乾》卦所云乾元“以美利利天下，不言所利”者，胥是道也，故曰“利有攸往，乃亨”。盖往以济时之过，其必能通其时之变，反其势之平，整顿天下于一新，维持世道于无穷，而可得亨通也。

通观此卦，阳刚太实，有不能运动之象，譬如人之肢体肥重，不能转运也。又四阳居中，二阴退而听命，下无根柢，生气已断，上无附属，枝叶既凋，故爻有“枯杨”之辞，曾不如《剥》《姤》之犹可来复。然《大过》自《颐》来，“颐，养也”，谓当养其二阴以相济也。《兑》泽在上，《巽》木在下，《象》曰“泽灭木”，泽本下而反上，木本上而反下，此《大过》之所以为颠，过越常分之大者也。君子法之，“独立不惧，遁世无闷”，是能以退藏者养其阳而防其过也，非君子则不能。《大过》六爻，二阴四阳，有阳爻而处阴位焉，有阴爻而处阳位焉，有阳爻而处阳焉，有阴爻而处阴焉，爻有不同，义亦各判。初爻以阳居阴，是过之尚微也，巽为茅，茅虽柔物，藉之亦足助刚，故“无咎”。二爻亦以阳居阴，是过而不过也。《巽》木为杨，泽灭之而枯，得阳九生气，枯而复稊，故亦“无咎”。三爻以阳居阳，是过而又过也；四刚在中，如屋之有栋，刚果自用，终致“栋挠”，故凶。四爻亦以阳居阴，是亦过而不过也。四与初应，得其所藉，三曰“挠”而四曰“隆”，故吉。五爻以阳居阳，是过而无复过也。“枯杨”之象，与二爻同，然阳至五而极，虽华已衰，故曰“何可久也”。六爻以阴居阴，四刚既倾，是过之终极也，“利有攸往”，正在此时。所谓“过涉”者，忠在救时，故“灭顶”虽凶，而“无咎”也。六爻以相对者言之，初与六对，《彖传》所云“本末弱”者，指初上也。一以藉茅而无咎，一以“过涉”而忘凶，皆足以救其过也。二与五对，“枯杨”之象，所取相同，“生稊”“生华”，久暂分也。三与四对，“栋”之为象，所取亦同，曰“桡”，曰“隆”，吉凶判也。总之，卦以阴阳相偶谓得中，偏则为过，四阳二阴，是《大过》也，故曰“大者过也”。君子于此，以“独立不懼，遁世无闷”处之，抱忧时嫉俗之念，具拨乱反正之才，利害不计，成败不言，上六之“过涉灭顶”者，必斯人也，复何咎矣！

《大象》曰：泽灭木，大过。君子以独立不懼，遁世无闷。

此卦泽水浸淫《巽》木之上，木为之枯，故曰“泽灭木”。当是时，世俗之士，或皆随流逐波，鲜有不磨灭者矣，惟君子具《大过》人之才干，虽时当困厄，而操守弥坚，所信者理，所乐者天，谓之“独立不惧，遁世无闷”。是必刚而能柔，过而能往，可谓善处《大过》之时者也。

【占】　问战征：“灭”，灭绝也，大欲灭国，小欲灭身，其象凶矣。行军占此，恐有暴水淹没之祸。

○　问营商：《象》曰“泽灭木”，有低价忽而高涨之势。

○　问功名：“独立不懼，遁世无闷”者，谓当退身隐处，未可求名也。

○　问家宅：《兑》泽在上，《巽》木在下，其象反复，位置不正，防有灭凶之祸。

○　问疾病：是肝火内郁之症，肾气冲上，医治非易。

○　问婚嫁：“泽灭木”，恐配偶之间，有老幼不匀。

○　问六甲：生女。

○　问失物：必坠入水沟之处。

Judgment

Legge: Critical Mass depicts a weak beam. Under such conditions it is advantageous to move in any direction whatever. Success is indicated.

Wilhelm/Baynes: Preponderance of the Great. The ridgepole sags to the breaking point. It furthers one to have somewhere to go. Success.

Blofeld: Excess! The ridgepole sags. It is favorable to have some goal (or destination) in view. Success! [A glance at the hexagram will show that it is too heavy in the middle and too weak at the ends. A number of firm lines is generally auspicious, but there can be too much of a good thing!]

Liu: Great Excess. The ridgepole is crooked. It benefits to go anywhere. Success.

Ritsema/Karcher: Great Exceeding, the ridgepole sagging. Harvesting; possessing directed going. Growing. [This hexagram describes your situation in terms of your connection to a ruling principle. It emphasizes that pushing the guiding idea beyond ordinary limits and accepting the results is the adequate way to handle it...]

Shaughnessy: Great Surpassing: The ridgepole bows upward; beneficial to have someplace to go; receipt.

Cleary (1): When the great is excessive, the ridgepole bends. It is good to go somewhere; that is developmental. [When the ridgepole snaps, the whole house falls down. In the same way, practitioners of the Tao who promote yang too much, who do not know when enough is enough, who can be great but cannot be small, suffer damage to their spiritual house.]

Cleary (2): When greatness passes, the ridgepole bends. It is beneficial to have somewhere to go, for you will succeed.

Wu: Excess of the Great indicates a beam that warps. It will be advantageous to have undertakings. It will be pervasive.

The Image

Legge: The image of trees beneath a marsh forms Critical Mass. The superior man, in accordance with this, fearlessly stands alone, and stays retired from the world without regret.

Wilhelm/Baynes: The lake rises above the trees: the image of Preponderance of the Great. Thus the superior man, when he stands alone, is unconcerned, and if he has to renounce the world, he is undaunted.

Blofeld: This hexagram symbolizes a forest submerged in a great body of water. The Superior Man, though standing alone, is free from fear; he feels no discontent in withdrawing from the world. [This is suggested by the component trigrams. Water is necessary for the nourishment of the trees, but too much of it can cause serious damage.]

Liu: The lake rising over the trees symbolizes Great Excess. The superior man, when isolated, is undisturbed. If he has to retreat from society, he feels no regret.

Ritsema/Karcher: Marsh submerging wood. Great Exceeding. A chun tzu uses solitary establishing not to fear. (A chun tzu uses) retiring-from the age without melancholy.

Cleary (1): Moisture destroys wood in excess. Thus superior people stand alone without fear, and leave society without distress.

Cleary (2): Moisture destroys wood. Developed people, etc. [Only when sustained by the power to stand alone without fear and avoid society without distress can learning be firmly rooted and development have a proper basis; then it is possible to refine and support the mediocre.]

Wu: Marsh covers over wood; This is Excess of the Great. Thus the jun zi stands alone without fear and withdraws from the world without melancholy.

CONFUCIAN COMMENTARY

Confucius/Legge: Excess is weakly supported at either end, with weakness in both the lowest and topmost lines. The dynamic lines are in excess, but two of them are in the central positions. The trigrams of Flexibility and Satisfaction

indicate that there will be advantage in moving in any direction whatever -- there will be success. Great indeed is the work to be done during this extraordinary time.

Legge: Extraordinary times require extraordinary skill in their management. The figure shows two magnetic lines at top and bottom, with four dynamic lines

between them -- giving the image of a great beam unable to sustain its own weight. Lines two and five are both dynamic and central however, and from this and the attributes of the component trigrams a good auspice is obtained.

NOTES AND PARAPHRASES

Judgment: A stressful situation is best managed with a comprehensive strategy. (Or: in the chess game of life, one succeeds by planning several moves in advance.) The Superior Man serves The Work by going his own way, regardless of public opinion. Wilhelm titles this hexagram Preponderance of the Great. I prefer R.L. Wing's paraphrase of Critical Mass as more evocative of the figure's meaning in modern terminology. In Critical Mass four dynamic lines lurk inside of the hexagram, weakly contained at top and bottom by two magnetic lines. This energetic concentration could explode in an unpredictable release of force, and hence the Judgment tells us to move now (remember: non-action is also action) to avoid unwanted consequences. (Often the outcome is predictable – be prepared to just walk away if and when that is your best move.) Legge’s translation of the Judgment is: "...It is advantageous to move in any direction whatever." This is a different message than Wilhelm's: "...It furthers one to have somewhere to go." Legge’s version implies an almost hysterical flight from danger while Wilhelm's rendition suggests prior intention and planning. The latter interpretation is definitely what is meant here, as confirmed by Cleary’s Buddhist commentary: When the transformative path is flourishing, contaminations easily arise; it is best to set up guidelines and regulations. When meditation work is advanced, ignorance is about to dissolve; it is best to exercise the mind skillfully. Coupled with Cleary’s translation of the Image as: “Developed people stand alone without fear, avoid society without distress,” the idea is that one should follow one's best intuition and ignore popular illusions, political

correctness or inner fears. (Psychologically: conventional thinking, socially conditioned reflexes, knee-jerk responses, etc.). During a time of Critical Mass, pay close attention to direction from the Self to preserve the Work. This is not the time to follow the crowd. Sometimes this can mean that you are obliged to go it alone – one of the Work’s frequent tests (Cf. line 6): The Gulf is something that has to be leaped, and leaped alone, stripped of all hindering burdens, in faith ... It is thus one of the crisis points of spiritual progress because of the great temptation to turn back from the unknown to the apparent safety of known things, and to succumb to this temptation is to lose all the fruits of past endeavor.

G. Knight -- A Practical Guide to Kabbalistic Symbolism

SUGGESTIONS FOR MEDITATION

Compare the Judgment and Image of this hexagram with those of hexagram number 32, Consistency.

Anthony: We must regain modesty through the effort to rid ourself of strong elements that cause us to press forward. The strong elements may exist in someone else, causing them to assault us with their fear, mistrust or doubt. Strong refers to impetuous movement to resolve what is ambiguous … We can meet the challenge by remaining detached and letting things go through their changes … To be truly rich is to remain modest; to be truly powerful is to remain reticent.