12 · 天地否

否卦原文

否。否之匪人。不利君子贞。大往小来。

象曰：天地不交，否。君子以俭德辟难，不可荣以禄。

白话文解释

否卦：为小人所隔阂，这是不利于君子的占卜，事业也将由盛转衰。

《象辞》说：天地隔阂不能交感，万物咽窒不能畅釜，这是否卦的卦象。君子观此卦象，从而在国家政治否塞之时，应思隐居不仕，以崇尚俭约来躲避灾难，不要以利禄为荣。

《断易天机》解

否卦乾上坤下，为乾宫三世卦。否象征闭塞不通，是不吉之兆。否卦中，阴阳不交，是一切都不和谐之象。

北宋易学家邵雍解

大往小来，闭塞不通；否极泰来，修德避难。

得此卦者，万物闭塞之象，上下不合，诸事不顺，凡事宜忍，须待时运好转而有为。

台湾国学大儒傅佩荣解

时运：诸事不顺，不可妄动。

财运：适宜买入，后可获利。

家宅：勤俭免祸；仳离之象。

身体：气血不通，节制饮食。

传统解卦

这个卦是异卦（下坤上乾）相叠，其结构同泰卦相反，系阳气上升，阴气下降，天地不交，万物不通。它们彼此为“综卦”，表明泰极而否，否极泰来，互为因果。

大象：天气上升，地气下降，天地之气不交，主闭塞不通。

运势：上下不和，百事不通，凡事宜忍，须知否极泰来。

事业：陷入逆境，事业处于衰退阶段，多有不顺利。受小人干扰而不得志，多挫折。应坚持正道，勿与小人合流，团结志同道合者，自保以等待时机。保持自信心，戒慎恐惧，形势定会好转，事业终能成功。

经商：遇到强大的竞争对手，处于不利地位，信息不灵造成重大损失。应格外小心谨慎，坚持守势，等待有利时机到来，再努力发展自己的事业。

求名：条件还不成熟，再努力一阵子，并得到他人的帮助，理想可以实现。

婚恋：容易出现节外生枝的事情，甚至发生挫折和变故，双方若都充满信心，好的结果会出现。

决策：本人聪慧，精明，勤奋努力，但不注意人际关系，加上小人的排斥，命运或遭厄运。意志坚强，具有奋斗精神，且克服了不足，尽管付出的代价很高，必能成全事业。

第十二卦的哲学含义

从卦形上看，乾在上，上为天，坤在下，下为地，各在各的位置上，这意味着互不交往，不与外界发生关系，位置固定不变，按着陈规陋习办事。“否”卦是不通畅、阻塞、恶化、贬斥的意思。是自己把自己封闭起来，阻塞了前进的道

否卦是不利君子，小人就要得势，君子将要隐退的趋向。小人挡住了君子的道路，因为坤属于内卦，乾属于外卦，有小人主内政，君子靠外，小人得势，君子受排斥之像。

否卦位于泰卦之后，《序卦》之中这样解释道：“物不可终通，故受之以否。”永远通达是不可能的，所以会有阻塞，所以接下来讲的就是否卦。

《象》曰：天地不交，“否”；君子以俭德辟难，不可荣以禄。

《象》中指出：否卦的卦象为坤（地）下乾（天）上，为天在地上之表象。天在极高之处，地在极低之处，天地阴阳之间因而不能互相交合，所以时世闭塞不通，这时候君子必须坚持勤俭节约的美德，以避开危险与灾难不能谋取高官及丰厚的俸禄，去追求荣华富贵。否卦象征闭塞，属于中中卦。《象》中这样来断此卦：虎落陷坑不堪言，进前容易退后难，谋望不遂自己便，疾病口舌事牵连。

12.天地否(䷋)-高岛易断全解

“否”字从不，从口。不者弗也，弗与茀通。茀者车后之蔽障，以茀蔽口，呼吸蔽塞之会意。医书“心下痞硬”之痞亦同，即取此义也。

否：否之匪人，不利君子贞。大往小来。

▲　篆书否

《 彖传》曰：否之匪人，不利君子贞，大往小来，则是天地不交而万物不通也，上下不交而天下无邦也。内阴而外阳，内柔而外刚，内小人而外君子。小人道长，君子道消也。

此卦《乾》天在上，《坤》地在下，自天地实体见之，在上在下，位置自然得直。然此卦所取，不在形而在气，谓天气不降，地精不升，阴阳呼吸，否塞不通之象，名之曰《否》。盖天地阴阳之气，不相交通，虽造化亦无能作用。其交通不正，以致上下否塞，数十百年中时或有之。尝闻天明年中，夏大旱，太阳之色，赤如丹砂，五谷不登，天下饥馑，即天气不降，地精不升，《否》之时也。“否”字分之为不口，即谓凶荒，万民不得口食也。《彖传》曰，“天地不交而万物不通也”。《泰》《否》二卦，《彖传》始用“则是”二字，犹曰其故不过如是，非有他故也。

以此卦拟人事，凡一家之中，上卦为父兄，下卦为子弟，父兄过于刚猛，子弟过于愚柔，上下性情不合，以致动辄相左，百事乖张，往来悉是奸邪，仆妾敢行背逆，或凭空而启狱讼，或无故而陷飞灾，钱财耗损，声名破裂，家道之日替，实由时运之否而来也。推否运之极，年时则风雨不调，疾病则胸膈不通，经商则有货难销，求名则历试被黜，虽有善者，亦无如何也，故曰“不利君子贞”。君子亦惟顺守其变，以避患而已。故当初爻，君子惟连类而退，汇守其贞。二爻惟以道自处，不肯屈己从人；三爻则以尸位素餐为羞；四爻则否极泰来，方可乘时而动；五爻否已将止，又惕“其亡”之诫；上爻则“否倾”矣，故曰“后喜”。处否之难如此，苟一不慎，祸必随之，是所谓“小人道长，君子道消”之时也。凡人值此否运，终当守道安命，以俟时运之亨，斯不失为君子也。

以此卦拟国家，《乾》在上，《坤》在下，阳气上浮而不降，阴气下沉而不《升》，上下二气隔绝，是君臣之志不通也。小人柄政而在内，君子退居而在外，一时乘时得势者，皆非君子也，故曰“非人”。国家值此否运，君骄臣馅，国事日非，正道日坏，内则权臣擅政，外则强敌压境，岁时不登，而饥馑洊臻，兵役不息，而疆土日蹙，故曰“天地不交而万物不通，上下不交而天下无邦”。国家将奚由得治哉！此时君子惟居《 易》俟命，独善其身，所谓邦无道则隐，故曰“不利君子贞”。小人则洋洋得意，诡计百出，其巧者或将内挟奸邪，外托正真，掩其不善，以著其善，谓之“内阴而外阳，内柔而外刚”。又或收罗君子，以张羽翼，如王莽之礼贤下士，藉以文奸，即二爻之“包承”是也。是以小人日进，君子日退，谓之“小人道长，君子道消”也。“道”字中，包括天之阴阳，地之刚柔，国家之治乱，内外之处置，进退得失，其义甚广，所以明《否》之运，皆由阴阳不交和而来。《易》之 系辞，《泰》则归之于天，否则责之于人，故《泰》之《大象》曰“财成辅相”，不敢贪天功，《否》之《大象》曰，“君子以俭德辟难，不可荣以禄”，圣人垂诫之意，可谓深也。

通观此卦，下三爻者《否》之时，为小人用事，上三爻者否运已极，为趋《泰》之渐。初六虽小人并进之时，亦未尝无君子，君上亦未尝不求士也。在下之君子，不忍忘君，见可进而进，故曰“贞吉”。六二，当否之时，君子固当退避，然或有枉道行权，屈身济世，如汉陈平之于诸吕，唐狄仁杰之于诸武，亦足以救否也，故曰“包承”。又“包”者，苞也，“包承”者，受苞宜也。君子处浊世，往往独立廉介之节，为小人所畏忌，不啻不能保身，且不利于国家，故有姑受小人之苞直，以晦清节也。是随流扬波之士，谓之“包承”。又有痛恨小人，而欲去之，因势有不可，姑以利啗之，以潜消其凶焰，即枉道行权之计，亦谓之“包承”。在小人而能“包承”君子，是小人中之君子也；君子受小人所“包承”，是君子中之小人也。大人当否，必不受其包，故亨。六三，小人之尤者，本欲伤害君子，尚蓄而未发，今感君子之德，内省而羞耻，故曰“包羞”。盖君子遇凶顽，使之畏，不如使之耻。九四，当阳来之初，为转《泰》之渐，上近九五，君子见泰机之已动，方将出而济否，故曰“有命无咎，志行也”。九五，明君在上，从容而体否，即中兴之君也，故曰“休否”。上九，否运倾消，已及泰来之时，故曰“倾否”。“休否”之后，又恐其正之复陷于邪，治之复入于乱，故有“系于苞桑”之戒。夫天地以好生为德，圣人以思治为心。人君而知此，必思所以杜祸患之端；人臣而知此，必思所以严邪正之辨；小人而知此，当亦知所以变也。

此卦《泰》之反，而次于《泰》，盖人情安乐，则生骄情，骄情则生凶咎，是自然之势也。故《序卦传》曰：“泰者通也，物不可以终通，故受之以否，”然人能畏天命，应时而守中庸之道，纵令时运之否，可使转而趋泰。故否而泰，保泰而期其不否者，君子之心也；泰而否，任否而不期复泰者，小人之心也。此卦天气归地，隔塞而为否，否运之来，虽为天运之使然，而君子不敢委之于天，必欲尽其道以济其否。盖《泰》卦先言往来，以时而言；《否》卦先言“非人”，属人而言。《泰》者时为之，《否》者人为之。益知天道未尝不欲长泰，人实为之。谓之何哉？惟君子为能以人胜天，故天与人常相因者也。

《大象》曰：天地不交，否。君子以俭“德辟”难，不可荣以禄。

“天地不交”，即阴阳二气闭息之会也。此时君臣乖睽，上下离叛，内政不修，外乱交迫，是无道之极也。所谓“天地闭而贤人隐”，君子于此，惟当潜身修德，隐居避禄而已，若犹萦情利禄，恐禄之所在，祸即随之，至此而始欲避难，已不及也。是以君子必韬光匿彩，穷约自守，避之惟恐不远，即有以禄来“包承者”，君子亦不受其包，盖惟知以德为荣，而不知以禄为荣也。

【占】　问时运：目下诸事不利，宜慎守，不宜妄动。

○　问营商：宜买入，不宜卖出，隐藏待价，后可获利。

○　问战征：不利攻，宜退守。

○　问家业：惟宜克俭克勤，方可免祸。

○　问疾病：是痞隔之症，宜节饮食。

○　问生产：恐生男不育。

○　问失物：恐不可复得。

○　问婚嫁：有分离之象。

○　问谋事：不成。

Judgment:

Legge: Divorcement means there is a lack of communication between the different classes of men. This is unfavorable to the superior man. The great has departed and the inferior has arrived.

Wilhelm/Baynes: Standstill. Evil people do not further the perseverance of the superior man. The great departs; the small approaches.

Blofeld: Stagnation (obstruction) caused by evil doers. Although the omen portends ill for the Superior Man, he must not slacken his righteous persistence. The great and the good decline; the mean approach. [When heaven and earth cease to co-operate, no growth is possible and stagnation results. The trigram (earth), when in intercourse with heaven, has the auspicious meaning of glad acceptance; but, when separated from heaven, it represents weakness and darkness, etc.]

Liu: Stagnation. Stagnation is of no benefit, although not of man's doing. The superior man carries on (according to his principles). The great is departing. The small is arriving.

Ritsema/Karcher: Obstructing it, in-no-way people. Not Harvesting: chun tzu, Trial. the great going, the small coming. [This hexagram describes your situation in terms of being blocked or interfered with. It emphasizes that accepting the hindrances that temporarily interrupt the flow of life and thwart communication is the adequate way to handle it. To be in accord with the time, you are told to: accept obstruction!]

Shaughnessy: The wife's non-persons; not beneficial for the gentleman to determine; the great go, the little come.

Cleary (1): Obstruction’s denial of humanity does not make the superior person’s rectitude beneficial. The great goes and the small comes.

Cleary (2): … Does not make the leader’s correctness beneficial, etc.

Wu: Stagnation is destined to cause obstruction of normal course of action. It is not beneficial to the jun zi who takes a persevering stand. The great goes out and the small comes in. The Image:

Legge: Heaven and earth are estranged -- the image of Divorcement. The superior man preserves his virtue by withdrawing from evil, and refuses both honor and wealth.

Wilhelm/Baynes: Heaven and earth do not unite: the image of Standstill. Thus the superior man falls back upon his inner worth in order to escape the difficulties. He does not permit himself to be honored with revenue.

Blofeld: This hexagram symbolizes heaven and earth cut off from each other. To conserve his stock of virtue, the Superior Man withdraws into himself and thus escapes from the evil influences around him. He declines all temptations of honor and riches. [To understand why the trigrams for heaven and earth arranged in what seems to be their natural positions have this inauspicious significance, see notes on the preceding hexagram, (Harmony).]

Liu: Heaven and earth are not united, symbolizing stagnation. The superior man restrains himself to avoid danger. He seeks neither honor nor wealth.

Ritsema/Karcher: Heaven, earth, not mingling. Obstruction. A chun tzu uses parsimonious actualizing-tao to cast-out heaviness. A chun tzu uses not permitting splendor to use benefits. [Actualize-tao: Ability to follow the course traced by the ongoing process of the cosmos ... Linked with acquire, TE: acquiring that which makes a being become what it is meant to be.]

Cleary (1): When heaven and earth do not commune, there is obstruction. The superior person therefore is parsimonious with power and avoids trouble, not susceptible to elevation by emolument.

Cleary (2): … Leaders … should not prosper on wages.

Wu: … The jun zi practices the virtue of frugality to alleviate difficulties, but does not allow himself to be honored with official salary.

COMMENTARY

Confucius/Legge: The unfavorable auspice of Divorcement is because heaven and earth are not in communication, and all things consequently fail to unite. High and low, superior and inferior, do not meet in union, and there are no well- regulated states in the kingdom. The lower trigram consists of magnetic

lines, and the upper of dynamic lines: darkness is within, clarity without; weakness within, strength without. The lower trigram represents the advancing inferior men, the upper trigram represents the retreating superior men.

Legge: The form of Divorcement is the exact opposite of Harmony, and much of what has been said on the interpretation of that will apply to this. Divorcement is the hexagram of the seventh month when the process of growth has ended and increasing decay may be expected. The trigram of Earth is below and that of Heaven is above, and since it is always proper for the lower trigram to take the initiative, how can Earth take the place of Heaven? As in nature, it is Heaven that originates, not Earth, and in a state the upper classes must take the initiative, and not the lower.

NOTES AND PARAPHRASES

Judgment: The time is out of joint -- decadence waxes and virtue is mocked. The Superior Man refuses to participate in the prevailing disorder. If the preceding hexagram images the fruitful union of heaven and earth in a holy marriage, this figure shows their Divorcement.

Divorcement: The act, process, or an instance of separating things

closely joined -- the state of being separated. To receive this figure without changing lines suggests that you are separated from truth or virtue, or that for the moment at least, the situation at hand affords no possibility of reconciliation. During such conditions it would be the height of folly to "wed oneself" to the prevailing disorder. Note however that every line but the third shows some kind of effort to reunite that which has been separated. The first shows an alliance of closely related elements bent on serving the Work; line two depicts a kind of holding action which is necessary to allow a superior element to prevail. The third line identifies recalcitrant forces which prevent union, and four depicts another

alliance -- a higher octave of its first line correlate. Line five images nearly complete re-unification and six shows the end of Divorcement. These images suggest that although disunion prevails, the energy in the situation is promoting connection. As regards the Judgment: Plato seems to have expressed Confucius' idea perfectly. In The Republic he makes Socrates say that the true philosopher, finding himself in an evil environment, "will not join in the wickedness of his fellows, but neither is he able singly to resist all their fierce natures, and therefore seeing that he would be of no use to the State or to his friends,

and reflecting that he would have to throw away his life without doing any good either to himself or others, he holds his peace, and goes his own way ... he is content, if only he can live his own life and be pure from evil or unrighteousness, and depart in peace and good-will, with bright hopes."

H.G. Creel -- Confucius and the Chinese Way