62 · 雷山小过

小过卦原文

小过。亨，利贞。可小事，不可大事。飞鸟遗之音。不宜上，宜下，大吉。

象曰：山上有雷，小过。君子以行过乎恭，丧过乎衰，用过乎俭。

白话文解释

小过卦：亨通，这是吉利的贞卜。但是只适宜于小事，不适宜大事。飞鸟空中过，叫声耳边留，警惕人们：登高必遇险，下行则吉利。

象辞》说：本卦下卦为艮，艮为山；上卦为震，震为雷，山上有雷，是小过的卦象。君子观此卦象，惧畏天雷，不敢有过失。因而行事不敢过于恭谦，居丧不敢过度哀伤，用度不敢过于节俭，唯适中而已。

《断易天机》解

小过卦震上艮下，为兑宫游魂卦。占得此卦，举事有利，可以举小事，不可举大事。

北宋易学家邵雍解

阴顺阳困，柔软用事；谨慎自持，不宜急进。

得此卦者，诸事不利，宜行小事，不宜成大事，更防因自身的过失惹来是非争讼。

台湾国学大儒傅佩荣解

时运：清高自处，反遭人忌。

财运：价格不合，无利可图。

家宅：高处之家；老夫少妻。

身体：过寒或过热。

传统解卦

这个卦是异卦（下艮上震）相叠。艮为山，震为雷，过山雷鸣，不可不畏惧。阳为大，阴为小，卦外四阴超过中二阳，故称“小过”，小有越过。

大象：山上有雷，雷声虽大但被山阻隔，雷声减弱，即为「小过」。

运势：诸事不利，宜行小事，不宜做大事，更防因小过失造成惊动，惹来是非争讼。

事业：行动宜谨慎小心，切勿冒险，尤其不得钻空子。但只要坚持正当的行为，可勇敢向前，努力奋斗，开拓事业。不过，一定要把握尺度，不要好高骛远，以免招致灾祸。随机应变是关键。

经商：对市场行情不十分掌握，可先稍试探一下，随即收敛行为，否则会导致危险。不应大规模行动，也不必胆小怕事，稳扎稳打，逐步发展。

求名：应遵循中正的原则和循序渐进的道理，求得稳步前进。切勿追求虚名，更不得不顾实际情况攀高位。

婚恋：应较长时间的彼此了解，不可仓促行事。

决策：行动必须把握分寸，适可而止。盛时应防止办事过火，应即时收敛自己。过度将不足成事，反会招祸。一切行动都要因应变通，不可固执。

第六十二卦的哲学含义

小过卦，这个卦是异卦相叠，下卦为艮，上卦为震。艮为山，震为雷。山在下，雷在上。这意味着山上有雷雨，雷雨在山上能把树木击坏，又能使水土流失。虽然如此，山上万物若无雷雨的滋润，就不能生存。相比之下，雷雨所造成的损失，只是雷雨的一种小过失，故本卦被取名为“小过”。

小过卦位于中孚卦之后，《序卦》之中这样解释道：“有其信者必行之，故受之以小过。”有诚信的人一定会行动，在行动时若是把握不住限度，可能就会有小过，所以接着要谈小过。

《象》中这样解释本卦：山上有雷，小过；君子以行过乎恭，丧过乎哀，用过乎俭。这里指出：小过卦的卦象是艮（山）下震（雷）上，为山上响雷之象，雷声超过了寻常的雷鸣，以此比喻“小有过越”，君子应效法“小过”之象，在一些寻常小事上能略有过分，如行止时过分恭敬，遇到丧事时过分悲哀，日常用度过分节俭，为的是矫枉过正。

小过卦象征略为过分，启示的是行动有度的道理，属于中上卦。《象》中这样来断此卦：行人路过独木桥，心内惶恐眼里瞧，爽利保保过得去，慢行一定不安牢。

62　高岛易断-雷山小过(䷽)

为卦二阳在内，四阴在外，阴为小，谓之小，阴过于阳，谓之过。卦体《震》上《艮》下，《震》动也，《艮》止也，动止宜得其中，若过动过止，皆谓之过。《震》为雷，《 艮》为山，若雷过猛，山过险，亦谓之过。以其所过，皆在小事，此卦所以名《小过》也。

小过：亨，利贞。可小事，不可大事。飞鸟遗之音，不宜上，宜下，大吉。

《小过》者，阴过乎阳，即“行过乎恭，丧过乎哀，用过乎俭”之谓也，过在细故，道乃可通，故曰“小过亨”。“利贞”者，矫世励俗，利在归正，故曰“利贞”。四阴擅权在外，二阳逼处于中，柔弱无力，不足以当大任，只可小受而已，故曰“可小事，不可大事”。《震》为鹄，又为音，故曰“飞鸟遗之音”，遗其音者，哀鸣之声也。飞鸟过高，欲下不得，哀鸣求救，上则愈危，下则犹得安，故曰“不宜上，宜下，大吉”，吉在下也。

《 彖传》曰：小过，小者过而亨也。过以利贞，与时行也。柔得中，是以小事吉也。刚失位而不中，是以不可大事也。有飞鸟之象焉，飞鸟遗之音，不宜上，宜下，大吉，上逆而下顺也。

过当之谓过，过有大小，是以卦名亦分大小过。阳过乎阴，则过大，阴过乎阳，则过小，二卦内外反对，各有偏胜，故为过也。《小过》动而遂止，所过者小，小则可通，故曰“小者过而亨也”。一动一止，宜当其时，当时之谓正，时当《小过》，宜以小过处之，故《彖》曰“利贞”。而《传》则曰“过以利贞，与时行也”，言其因过而得利贞，乃其时之当过也。“可小事”者，谨小慎微，力所优为，以二五之柔得中也；“不可大事”者，遗易投艰，才不胜任，以三四之刚失位也。“飞鸟之象”者，二阳在中，象鸟身，四阴在外，象鸟欲翼而飞也。鸟之徊翔审集，所以避害，一遭弋，则鸣声上下，呼群求救，如语所云“鸟之将死，其鸣也哀”，故曰“飞鸟遗之音”。乘上则逆，逆则必凶，承下则顺，顺则大吉，故曰“不宜上”，而“宜下”也。

以此卦拟人事，《震》动《艮》止，人事不外动止两端，动而过动，动即为过，止而过止，止亦为过，所过者小，是谓《小过》。在人不动不止，则可无过，然不动不止，则亦不亨，惟其有过，乃亦有亨，故曰“小过亨”。所谓过者，往往因时之过刻，而故崇其厚，因时之过猛，而故用其宽，过之不失正，以其能应时而行也。时而宜柔，人惟行其柔耳，柔得其中，故“小事吉”也；时而宜刚，人惟行其刚耳，刚失其位，故“不可大事”也。盖人事之所以得中失中者，惟以时宜为准而已，至所谓“不宜上，宜下”，观夫飞鸟而得其象焉。“飞鸟”，象由《中孚》上六来，《中孚》上曰“翰音登于天，凶”，是即“不宜上，宜下”之旨也。飞鸟上则危，下则安，故曰“上逆而下顺也”。以喻人事，骄亢则危，逊顺则安，乃知谦卑下人者，虽大任不能当，而小事则无不吉也。惟在柔之能行夫时而已矣。

以此卦拟国家，国家之大典，如夏尚忠，殷尚质，周尚文，三王缔造，其制作皆因时而定也。故时宜忠而忠，时宜质而质，时宜文而文，各因其时，即各得其贞，而道无不亨矣；非其时则过于忠，过于质，过于文，皆谓之过也。其过虽小，亦不得谓之非过哉，此过所以分大小过也。《大过》四刚在内，才力盛大，故过亦大；《小过》四柔在外，智识浅少，识小故过亦小。譬如身任国政者，大权在握，其成大，其败亦大，小节自谨，其得小，其失亦小。此皆在刚柔之分也，故柔得中，则小事必吉，刚失位，则大事不可为矣，即凡政事之道，有顺有逆，有上有下，莫不由此而出焉。宜下而下，则谓之顺，宜下而上，则谓之逆，逆者凶，顺者吉。观夫鸟之高飞也，翱翔冥漠，不知所止，不下则不得其食，亦不得其栖，哀鸣嗷嗷，有欲下而不得者矣，凶之道也，为国家者，居高履危，当取象于飞鸟而自警焉，斯知所顺逆矣。

通观此卦，《大过》自《颐》来，口腹之养过度，则有死丧，《小过》自《中孚》来，性情失常，则有灾眚。故《小过》之内，互为《大过》，不中不信，动而不止，必同至灭亡。《彖》曰“亨”者，谓人宜收敛改悔，则自亨通，使亦如《大过》之“不惧”“无闷”，其咎反甚于《大过》。何则？《大过》有阳刚之才，而《小过》阴柔，飞扬躁扰，尤所深忌也。卦之取象于飞鸟者，亦由《中孚》上爻“翰音登于天”来也，故卦体中，二奇象鸟身，上下四偶象鸟翼。《艮》欲止而《震》欲动，四阴用事，二阳迫处凶惧之地，任阴所往，不能自止，如鸟之振翼高飞，身不自主，翼飞愈远，身愈不安，哀鸣疾呼，求援不得，所谓飞鸟遗音是也。故《小过》之时，下止则吉，上动则凶，所谓“不宜上，宜下”是也。六爻皆取鸟象；初上在外，为翼为翰皆凶；二五为翼，二无咎，下也，五虽中无功，上也；三四为身，三《艮》止之主，不能止而上应，故凶，四《震》之主，虽动而下应，故无咎。是以《传》所谓“上逆而下顺”者，道由是焉。

《象》曰：山上有雷，小过。君子以行过乎恭，丧过乎哀，用过乎俭。

《震》雷者，动而不止，《艮》者，止而不动，山上有雷，是雷为山所止，雷必小矣，故为《小过》。君子取其象以制行，而行不嫌其过恭；取其象以居丧，而丧不嫌其过哀；取其象以致用，而用不嫌其过俭。盖曰“行”，曰“丧”，曰“用”，皆动也，象《震》；曰“恭”，曰“哀”，曰“俭”，皆止也，象《艮》；其过恭、过哀、过俭，皆所以矫一时之弊也，以其非中行也，谓之《小过》，然亦足矫世而励俗焉。

【占】 问时运：运途清高，有不屑于同污流俗之概。

○　问营商：因一时价值过高，不合时宜，买卖均难。

○　问功名：以其不谐时俗，反为人忌。

○　问战征：屯营山上，地位过高，进退俱难。

○　问婚姻：想是老夫女妻，年岁相去过远。

○　问家宅：此宅想在高山。

○　问疾病：是过寒过热之症，须调剂得中。

○　问六甲：生男。

Judgment

Legge: Small Powers indicates that there will be progress and attainment in small affairs, but not in great affairs. It will be advantageous to be firm and correct. It is like the song of a flying bird: It is better to descend than to ascend. In this way there will be good fortune.

Wilhelm/Baynes: Preponderance of the Small. Success. Perseverance furthers. Small things may be done; great things should not be done. The flying bird brings the message: It is not well to strive upward, it is well to remain below. Great good fortune.

Blofeld: The Small Get By -- success! Persistence in a righteous course brings reward. Small things can be accomplished now, but not great ones. When birds fly high, their singing is out of tune. The humble, but not the mighty, are favored now with great good fortune. [To aim high now would be to put ourselves out of accord with the times.]

Liu: Slight Excess. Success. Continuing is of benefit. Undertaking small things, not great things. The song of the flying bird. It is not good to go up; it is good to stay below. Great good fortune. [Slight Excess signifies the slight excess or small mistake that can prevent the achievement of great things.]

Ritsema/Karcher: Small Exceeding, Growing. Harvesting Trial. Permitting Small Affairs. Not permitting Great Affairs. Flying bird: abandoning's sound. Above not proper, below proper. The great significant. [This hexagram describes your situation in terms of an overwhelming variety of encounters and details. It emphasizes that an excessive concern with adapting yourself to these inner and outer events is the adequate way to handle it...]

Shaughnessy: Small Surpassing: Receipt; beneficial to determine; possible for little service, but not possible for great service. The sound left by the flying bird is not proper for ascent but is proper for descent; greatly auspicious.

Cleary (1): Predominance of the small is developmental, beneficial if correct. It is suitable for a small affair but not for a great one. The call left by a flying bird should not rise but descend. This is very auspicious.

Cleary (2): Small excess turns out all right. It is beneficial to be correct. It is all right for small matters, not for great matters. A flying bird leaves its cry; it should not ascend but descend – then there will be great good fortune.

Wu: Excess of the Small indicates pervasiveness and the advantage of being persevering. One may succeed in doing small business, but not big one. Like the lingering sound of a bird flying by, it is not suitable to go upward, but suitable to go downward. Great fortune.

The Image

Legge: The image of thunder above a hill forms Small Powers. The superior man, in accordance with this, in his conduct exceeds in humility, in mourning exceeds in sorrow, and in his expenditure exceeds in economy.

Wilhelm/Baynes: Thunder on the mountain: the image of Preponderance of the Small. Thus in his conduct the superior man gives preponderance to reverence. In bereavement he gives preponderance to grief. In his expenditures he gives preponderance to thrift. [The superior man derives an imperative from this image: he must always fix his eyes more closely and more directly on duty than does the ordinary man, even though this might make his behavior seem petty to the outside world. He is exceptionally conscientious in his actions.]

Blofeld: This hexagram symbolizes thunder over the mountains. The Superior Man now acts with too much reverence, experiences too much sorrow from bereavement and is overly thrifty in satisfying his needs.

Liu: Thunder over the mountain symbolizes Slight Excess. The superior man's conduct is overly humble; In mourning he laments exceedingly, and he is stingy in his spending.

Ritsema/Karcher: Above mountain possessing thunder. Small Exceeding. A chun tzu uses moving Exceeding to reach-to courtesy. A chun tzu uses losing Exceeding to reach-to mourning. A chun tzu uses availing of Exceeding to reach-to parsimony.

Cleary (1): There is thunder over a mountain, exessively small. Thus superior people are excessively deferential in conduct, excessively sad in mourning, excessively frugal in consumption.

Cleary (2): Thunder over a mountain – small excess. Genteel people are exceedingly deferential in conduct, exceedingly sad in mourning, and exceedingly abstemious in consumption.

Wu: Thunder rolls over the mountain; this is Excess of the Small. Thus the jun zi conducts himself with a little excess in respect to others, a little excess in sorrow at mourning, and a little excess in frugality in expenditure.

COMMENTARY

Confucius/Legge: In Small Powers we see the magnetic lines exceeding the others, and giving the intimation of progress and attainment. To be advantageous, such excesses must be associated with firm correctness, and must always be in harmony with the requirements of the time. The magnetic lines are in the central places, and hence it is said that small excesses may be done in small affairs with good effect. Of the dynamic lines, one is not in its proper place, and the other is not central; thus it is said that small excesses should not be done in great affairs. In the hexagram we have the symbol of the flying bird, whose song reminds us that it is better to descend than ascend. To ascend is contrary to what is reasonable in the case, while to descend is natural and right.

Legge: The meaning of this hexagram in which an excess of yin lines prevails, may be grasped by contrasting its image with that of hexagram number twenty-eight, Critical Mass, in which an excess of yang lines prevails. Here the idea is the prevalence of small or inferior powers, and the lesson to be learned is how to distinguish essentials from nonessentials. Is it ever good to deviate from the established course of procedure? The answer is that it is permissible only in small matters, but never in matters of import. Sometimes form may be dispensed with, but never substance, and the thing must always be done

responsibly and with appropriate humility. The symbol of the bird is to teach humility -- it is better for it to descend, keeping near to where it can perch and rest, than to ascend into the homeless regions of the upper air.

NOTES AND PARAPHRASES

Judgment: Ground your flights of fancy. The Superior Man bends over backwards to be correct. Small Powers shows the preceding figure of Inner Truth turned inside-out.

Here the magnetic lines are all on the outside -- uncontained and uncontrolled. The hexagram often reflects a situation in which the "archetypes": the passions, appetites, emotions, drives and instincts have left their proper places within the psyche and are flying free like birds escaped from the zoo. Most of the lines either depict the danger of such a situation or warn about how to control it. In this inflated, compulsive state of identity, we and the drive are at our most harmful; the drive will unfold and we will act out its extreme, inappropriate and destructive side. In the process we get the worst of it, along with the other people involved. The wrong thing usually happens at the wrong time and in the wrong place. A capacity for moving toward differentiation and transforming the drive will not arise until the state of identity has been dissolved. This requires a confrontation of the drive as a Thou, as something that is not I, as something

separate from ourselves. Only at this point can the inner dialogue begin. Until then the drive remains unconscious, primitive and destructive. Only after the identity has been dissolved by learning to experience the drive as an autonomous entity that is separate from the ego, do we get a chance to choose a right time and place and to develop the positive potential of the drive.

E.C. Whitmont -- The Symbolic Quest Interestingly, the only line that seems to be correctly "out of its cage" is the second - suggesting a situation in which an intuitive inner wisdom takes proper precedence over the usual firm correctness of "reason."